In the current global context, economic crimes pose an organized and transnational threat, targeting the financial stability and sustainable development of nations. The primary objective of this article is to systematically examine and analyze the institutional obstacles and challenges faced by regulatory agencies—both national and international—in combating these crimes within the framework of international criminal law. The research method of this study is qualitative and analytical-descriptive, conducted through a focused content analysis of major international instruments (such as the Merida and Palermo Conventions), reports from specialized agencies, and authoritative library resources. The findings categorize the prevailing challenges into four main groups: structural challenges (e.g., fragmentation, duplication, and lack of unified leadership), functional challenges (including severe deficiencies in coordination, information sharing, and the absence of harmonized regulatory standards), legal challenges (conflicts between national laws and international obligations, obstacles to extradition, and weaknesses in enforcement), and emerging technological challenges (such as cyber financial crimes and the use of untraceable digital assets). Ultimately, the results of this analysis indicate that enhancing the efficacy of the existing regulatory system necessitates a comprehensive, multi-level transformation. This transformation must prioritize strong political will to strengthen the rule of international law, establish or empower coordinating institutions with sufficient authority, harmonize and modernize legal frameworks, invest in capacity-building and training for specialized human resources, and, finally, leverage digital technologies to their fullest and most intelligent potential for crime monitoring and detection.